During adolescence, the human cortex is morphed under the influence of regionally heterogeneous and heterochronous processes. Accurately mapping these processes and quantifying their effect is essential for understanding brain development, both in order and disorder. Currently, our understanding remains fundamentally “localizational” in nature, while often being limited by small samples. Here, we capitalize on a large cohort of youths and apply advanced multivariate analysis techniques to capture the coordinated growth of structural brain networks during adolescence. Our results delineate a representation of cortical organization that differs markedly from typical anatomical atlases. This representation comprises structural networks that relate closely to functional brain networks, while exhibiting differential developmental effects that are consistent with an evolutionary view of development.